Centrifugal governor with hydraulic booster



DRAULIC BOOSTER 4 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed April 23 1951 FIG.6.

INVENTOR.

HERMA ADLER BY I ATTORNEYS y 15, 1956 H. G. ADLER 2,745,384

CENTRIFUGAL GOVERNOR WITH HYDRAULIC BOOSTER Filed April 23, 1951 4Sheets$heet 2 I II2 I H8 72 9 E ||6 62 f; lo 76 g 1 K 60' Gn 74 I I4 5 8I 78 IO May 15, 1956 H6. ADLER CENTRIFUGAL GOVERNOR WITH HYDRAULICBOOSTER Filed April 23 1951 4 Sheets-Sheet 3 n2 J 26 i n4 I 94 I00 I I282 $2 I26 H6 .4 IO I h lg 40 INVENTOR. 42 E HERMAN G.ADLER ATTORNEYS May15, 1956 H. G. ADLER 2,745,384

CENTRIFUGAL GOVERNOR WITH HYDRAULIC BOOSTER Filed April 25, 1951 4Sheets-Sheet 4 IOO I no H4 94 6:. b 72 LE; I28 I S. L K ||6 l0 40 42INVENTOR.

DLER

United States Patent CENTRIFUGAL GOVERNOR WITH HYDRAULIC BOOSTER HermanG. Adler, Detroit, Mich, assignor to Novi Ecuipment Company, Novi, Mich,a corporation of Michigan Application April 23, 1951, Serial No. 222,336

10 Claims. (Cl. 121-43) The present invention relates to an enginegovernor, and more particularly to a governor including centrifugalmeans responsive to speed of an engine in combination with a hydraulicmotor such as a piston and cylinder for effecting control of the engine.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a simplifiedhydraulic governor in which the centrifugal unit, the actuating motor,and a valve for controlling the actuating motor in accordance withengine speed is compactly arranged in a simple casting so as to occupy aminimum of space and to permit fabrication of the units at a low cost.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a hydraulicgovernor characterized by its ability to prevent substantiallyovershooting of speed under severe operating conditions.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a novelarrangement of centrifugal governor, hydraulic valve actuated thereby,and hydraulic motor controlled by said valve.

, Other objects and features of the invention will become apparent asthe description proceeds, especially when taken in conjunction with theaccompanying drawings, wherein:

Figure l is a plan view of a governor assembly constructed in accordancewith the present invention.

Figure 2 is a section on the line 2-2, Figure 1.

Figure 3 is a sectional view similar to Figure 2 showing the unit underdifferent operating conditions.

Figure 4 is a view similar to Figure 2 showing the unit under yetanother different operating condition.

' Figure 5 is a section on the line 5-5, Figure 2.

Figure 6 is asection on the line 66, Figure l. Figure 7 is a sideelevation of the metering sleeve.

Described in general terms, the hydraulic governor comprises a maincasting having an enlarged, chamber at one side thereof communicatingwith a bore which .extends from the chamber through to the opposite sideof the casting. The casting is provided with an elongated power cylinderformed integrally therewith, which is closed at the same side of thecasting as the chamber. The cylinder is open at the opposite end and isprovided with a removable head; The head is apertured to pro vide forpassageof a piston rod connected to mechanism for controlling 'the speedof the engine. The casting is provided with a passage connecting theclosed end of the cylinder with the chamber and a spring is locatedbetween the closed end of the cylinder and the piston constantly biasingthe piston toward the open end of the cylinder. A fluid passage isprovided in the casting which intersects the bore and extends to theinterior of the cylinderbetweenthe head of the cylinder and the piston.A centrifugal unit connected to be driven by the engine is located inthe chamber and includes a shiftable part engaging a valve slidablymounted in the bore to control the passage of hydraulic fluid to thecylinder.

Referring now to the drawings, the governor comprises a main; casting 10provided with an enlarged chamber 12 at one side thereof. As shown inFigure 2,. the cham I 2,745,384 Patented May 15, 1956 her is generallycylindrical at its outer portion and includes a conical inner portion14. Communicating with the inner end of the conical portion 14 is a bore16 extend-j ing to the opposite side of the casting 10. Closely adjacentand parallel to the chamber 12 and the bore 16 is a cylinder 18 which isclosed at one end by a transverse wall 20 which is part of the casting.The upper end of the cylinder'18 is closed by a removable head 22 havinga bore 24 therethrough slidably receiving a piston rod 26 connected atits inner end to a piston 28. Intermediate the transverse wall 20 of thecylinder and the piston 28 is a compression spring 30 constantly urgingthe piston upwardly, as seen in Figure 1.

Located within the casting 10 is a fluid passage comprising straightsections 32, 34, and 36. The passages 34 and 36 connect at oppositesides of the cylindrical bore 16. Another passage 38 is provided whichconnects the lower side of the cylinder 18 to the chamber 12.

Located principally within the chamber 12 is a centrifugal devicecomprising a rotary shaft 40 having a sleeve 42 pressed thereon, thesleeve 42 having a radially outwardly extending flange 44. Rotatablyreceived on the shaft 40 and in abutment with the flange 44 is a ballrace 46 herein shown as having a flat radially extending ball engagingsurface 48. Rigidly secured to the shaft 40 is a driver 50 carrying aplurality of centrifugal balls 52.' Rotatably and slidably mounted onthe shaft 40 is a second ball' race 54 having a conically disposed ballengaging surface 56. It will be apparent that as'the bals move outwardlyunder the influence of centrifugal force, the upper ball race 54 ismoved axially of shaft 40 and upwardly thereon as illustrated in Figurel.

Located within the cylindrical bore 16 of the casting 10 is a meteringsleeve 60. The meteringsleeve 60 has a port 62 in one side thereof incommunication with the fluid'passage 34. At its opposite side it isprovided with a narrow notch or metering slot 64. Located axially beyondthe metering sleeve 60 is a second valve sleeve 66 which is spaced fromthe metering sleeve 60 to provide an annular space therebetween.Preferably, the bore 16 of the casting is cylindrically recessed asindicated at 68 to provide an annular enlarged fluid passage. Themetering slot 64 and the annular passage 68 are in communication throughthe fluid passage 36 to the upper end of the cylinder 18.

Slidahly mounted in the metering sleeve 60 is a spool or shuttle valve70having an upper land 72, a lower land 74, and an elongated annulargroove 76 intermediate said lands. The valve 70 intermediate its ends isprovided with a transverse wall 78 having an opening 80 therethrough.Below the transverse wall 78 the valve 70 has one or more outlet ports82 adapted to communicate with the interior of the chamber 12.

"The upper end of the bore 16 is closed by a removable plate 84 carryingan adjusting screw 86, the lower end of which is provided with a springseat 88 engaging one end of acompression spring 90. The lower end of thecompression spring 90 is seated against the upper surface of thetransverse wall 78. Obviously, compression of the spring 90 may bevaried by adjustment of the screw 86, and the screw is retained inadjusted position by a lock nut 92. The upper end of the screw and locknut are covered and concealed'by a removable threaded closure element94.

Obviously, compression of the spring 90 acts to resist upward movementof the race 54 and accordingly the spring acts as a governor spring todetermine the speed at which the governor controls the operation of theengine. The shaft 40'is connected to a rotating part of the engine inthe usual manner.

The piston rod 26 at its upper end carries a head to which a rocker armor lever 102 is pivoted interof the operator.

control-waive of the'enginea mediate the ends thereof linkage isconnected such thatupward movement of the link 106, as seen in Figure2,.res'u lts in opening .movement of the .valve or resultsin an increasein. speed of th e enginep i an abutment' pin 112 which limits movementofthe rocker lever 102 in one direction as seen in Flgure 3;

. Intermediate-the head I of the piston rod 26 and the a removable head22 of the cylinder is ashort 'relatively strong. compression type bufferspring 114. This spring is engaged by the head 100 ata'predeterminedpoint, in its downward movement, as seenin- Figure 2,: and operatestoprovide stability at or near no load. v

The piston 28 isprovided with an upwardly extending To one free end ofthe'rocker arm 102 there is rovided a link 104 extends to a food pedalor other instrumentality under the control The otherend of the rockerlever102 is connected by a link '6 to a speed control device on theengine such for example, as ac'arburetorvalve. The

, the engine. At this time the ball race 54' is in its Iower- 1 Theremovable head 22' is provided with a laterally 7 and upwardlyextendingprojection 110 recessed to receive pin- 116 received within: a guiderecess I18 provided with-:

in'the cylinder. 7 V w 7 V I A bypass passage 120 isprovided whichconnects the fluid passage 36 with the interior of the chamber 12. Thepassage 1 20 is'provided with-means for-variably restn'cting flow offluid through the passage and this means the casting 10 is providedwitha boss 122 which has a transverse opening 124 therein,- the outerportion of which is internally threaded. Inwardly of its threadedportion- 'the' opening 124 is reduced in cross-section and intersectsthe passagef120, Located in the reduced portion of a the opening '124 isa part 126 having a flat, surface 128 providing for a flow of fluid fromthe upper portion of the passage 1% into. the opening 124 beyond theopen end or the ,part 126; The part 126 is provided with an axiallyextending opening. 130 and a; transverse opening 132 which communicateswith the passage 120. Located within the threaded portion OffthE opening120 is a meteringvalve 134having a'threaded head and provided with ametering point 136 ;which enters intothe axial opening the part, 1 26.Accordingly, adjustment'of the metering valve 134 adjusts the flow offluid through the passage 120 by restricting the space between the isillustrated in detail in Figure .5. As seen in this figure V i theremoval ofload, engine speed increases rapidly-and the balls 52 moveoutwardly, thus moving'ball race54 upp point 136 and the end openingintopthe part 126'. A" compression spring 138 is interposed between themeter,

ing valve 134 and the part 126, and a closure nut-V140- provided for theopening 120.

' The present device is intended to control the speed of V an'engine insuch a way as to prevent excessivespeed's =4 The bypass passage 120permits adjustment of the operation of the valve and tends to smooth outthe action ofthe unit.

Three different operating conditions areillu strated in Figures 2, 3 and4. In Figure 2 an operating condition,

is illustrated in which the engine is running dead idle. As illustratedin this figure the link 104 is in upper position and the governor isinefiective to control speedof most position and the valve 7'0 is'heldin its lowermost position by the governor spring 90. At this time'it beobservedthat the upper land 72 of the valve isbelow the bottom of themetering notch 64 and accordingly how of fluid from thereduced portionofthe valve'76 to the cylinder 18 is'prevented- At the same time, thereis a passage for fluid out of the cylinder which includes the passage36, the interior, of the hollow valve 70,;the port 80 through thetransverse wall. of the valve, and the transverse ports 82 in the lowerportion ofthe valve thus permitting fluid to flow from the cylinder tothe interior V of the chamber 12.

In Figure 3 the parts are illustrated in operativelor speedcontrollingposition. At this time the foot pedal has been depressedtobring one arm of the rocker lever 102' into abutment with thepin 112.This has the effect of first opening the throttle as a result ofcorresponding. movementof the link 106. As the engine speed increasesthe balls52 move outwardly and move the upper-race 54" upwardly,,thusdisplacing valve 70 upwardly to a position where the'upper land 72 opensa passage through the metering not'ch64 permitting fluid under pressureto flow into the upper end of the cylinder and moving thepiston 28downwardly. At this time the foot pedal willbe held depressed andthecontrol action of the governor results in rocking movement ofthe'1ever-102 about the axis illustratedin Figure 3. In practice, thepositionillustrated'in Figure 3 is that'assumed when the engine is 7about 2800.R. P. M. under full load.' 7

igure 4 there is illustrated acondition which is reached when load isremoved from the engine. Due to wardly. At somepredetermin ed speed, asfor example 2950 R-. P. M., the-lower edge of the land 72'reaches theupper end of. the metering notch 64; If the governed:

speed of 2 950 P'. M. (forexample) is exceededint- I that upwardmovement of the valve-70 opens'the annular port definedbetween theadjacent ends of the metering sleeve and the upper sleeve 66. Thisprovides, with a. minimum of upward movement ot. the valve 70,-a verylarge massive flow ofhydraulic fluid, thepassages and when the throttleis fully opened'iuider no load or under lightloadt .One ofthe'par'ticiilar uses forywhich the unit was designed is a tank enginecharacteriied by high power and an.extremely light. fly 'wheel;Accordingly,

under no load the motor tends to accelerate-to dangerous speedsextremely. rapidly.- It is a requirement thatthe governoroperate to"move theacarburetor' throttle from wide opento fully closed in a smallfradtionof a second.- I At'the same'time substantial-power is requiredto effect movementtof the throttle valve or 'carburetor valve which is'thereas'on 'the hydraulic motor" ini the formof apiston and cylinderdevice is employed. The desired resultsare accomplished by providing foractuation or the piston 28* inone direction by hydraulic fluid andeffeeting move men-tof thepiston'iirthe opposife'direction by thetcomaathrough the passage 381to the chamber 12. Moreover,

the ,valveis particularly designed so' that as the upper limit ofgoverned speed isexceeded, a massive snbstan tiallyinstaritaneous flowof-hydrauliefluid 'isri-nt'rbduced into the cylinder, so that thepistoriwill be-moved' downwardly with. extreme rapidity',-'thus closing:the-,throttl'e 'or pression' spring 30. Theside of the piston engaged byV the compression spring 30 'is subjected to atmosphericports. being.designed so that a substantially unrestricted; flowiof fluid may takeplace in the-valve through the cylinder. This results in almost instantdownward movemerit; of the piston 28 to its lowermost position where itabuts anembossment 142- provid'edat the bottom ofthe.

cylinder 18f The final downward movementof the pis' ten 28 to thepositionshown inFigure 4 is o'pposed by the relatively strongcompression spring 114.-

' In'order to adjust the governorjto operateat desired. conditions, thefirstiadjustment isfmade with'thefoot pedal fully depressed and theengineoperating under'firll loadas illustrated in Figures. At thistimescrew" 863's adjusted to giveia desired speedtothe engine as for exthese circumstances the metering-valve 1344s adjustedinwar-diyuntil theengine speed-is equal to 2950 R l.- M1.

T n ng t c ea at d c i mo decrease t eflo or and its metering valve 1347 operating at; 1

fluid through the bypass passage 120 has the effect of decreasing enginespeed.

With the governor adjusted as above described, it will operate at fullload at 2800 R. P. M. for example, and will govern the speed up to 2950R. P. M. under no load conditions. Moreover, due to the design of thegovernor, and particularly to the arrangement for quick response uponexceeding the predetermined top limit of governed speed, substantialover-shooting is prevented even though the engine has inherently a veryrapid acceleration. Moreover, the governor operates smoothly and withoutsubstantial surges to control the speed of the engine at intermediatespeeds under intermediate loads.

Referring now to Figure 6, means are provided for looking the valve 70in position during shipment of the governor. This means comprises athreaded opening 150 carrying a locking screw 152, the metering sleeve60 being provided with an opening for the passage of a pin portion 154carried by the screw 152. The pin portion 154 engages the valve 70intermediate its lands 72 and 74 and prevents its separation from theassembly.

The metering sleeve 60 in the particular embodiment illustrated,comprises a cylindrical sleeve having a port 62 for communication withthe passage 34. The metering notch 64 is herein shown as of rectangularcross-section and in the particular valve illustrated, has a width ofabout .026" and a depth of about .1175".

The entire unit is housed within a unitary casting, which forms ahousing for the rotary elements, the control valve, and the powercylinder. The power cylinder is located parallel to and at the side ofthe chamber and communicating bore. The fluid passages are arranged suchthat they may be drilled in the casting. Thus passage 34 is in alignmentwith the open end of the bore 16 and is drilled therethrough. Fluidpassage 36 is in alignment with the open end of cylinder 18 and isdrilled therethrough. Fluid passages 38 and 120 are in alignment withthe open end of chamber 12 and are drilled therethrough. Fluid passage32 and opening 124 are drilled directly from exterior surfaces of thecasting. By the defined arrangement, the unit is cheap and easy to makeand in completed form represents a most eflicient use of space.

The drawings and the foregoing specification constitute a descriptionof, the improved engine governor in such full, clear, concise and exactterms as to enable any person skilled in the art to practice theinvention, the scope of which is indicated by the appended claims.

What I claim as my invention is:

1. Structure of the character described comprising a casting having anenlarged chamber open at one side thereof, a bore extending from saidchamber to the other side of said body, a cylinder in said body at theside of said chamber and bore, said cylinder being open at the side ofsaid body opposite said chamber and its opposite end being closed, aremovable head for the open end of said cylinder including an abutmentthereon, a piston in said cylinder, a piston rod extending from saidpiston through said head, a lever pivoted to the outer end of said rodand movable into engagement with said abutment, an operator control linkconnected to said lever, a governing link also connected to said leverfor connection with a speed control element, centrifugal governing meansin said chamber, a valvein said bore operably'connected to said means,and a fluid passage in said body controlled by said valve for carryingfluid under pressure to said cylinder.

2. Structure as defined in claim 1 in which a passage is provided insaid body connecting the closed end of said cylinder to said chamber.

3. Structure as defined in claim 2 comprising a compression springbetween the closed end of said cylinder and said piston.

4. Structure as defined in claim 3 comprising a short compression springoperable during only a part of the stroke of said piston to opposemovement of said piston toward the closed end of said cylinder.

5. In a governor of the character described, a casting having a largechamber open at one sidethereof including an inner conical portion; abore extending from-the inner end of said conical portion and open atthe other side of said casting; a power cylinder formed in said castinghaving a closed end at the said one side thereof and open at the saidother side thereof; a first straight fluid passage extending into saidcasting adjacent a side of said chamber; a second straight fluid passageextending along the side of the conical portion of said chamber,communicating with said first passage, intersecting a side of said bore,and aligned with the open end of said bore; a third straight fluidpassage extending into said bore at one end thereof, extending into saidpower cylinder at the other end thereof and in alignment with the openend of said power cylinder; a fourth straight fluid passage connectingthe closed end of said powercylinder to said chamber, and in alignmentwith the open end of said chamber; and a fifth straight fluid passageconnecting said third fluid passage to the interior of said chamber andin alignment with the open end of said casting.

6. In a governor of the character described, means for controllingsupply and exhaust of pressure fluid to a fluid motor, comprising a bodyhaving a hollow cylindrical part opening at one end into a completelyannular enlargement, the end of said part at said enlargement having asurface perpendicular to the axis of said part provided with arelatively narrow notch extending axially of said part from saidsurface, an inlet passage having an inlet port opening into said partintermediate the ends thereof, a supply passage opening into saidenlargement, a valve having spaced annular lands spanning said inletport and an intermediate reduced portion, the one of said lands adjacentsaid enlargement having at the end thereof adjacent said reduced portionan end surface perpendicular to the axis of said cylindrical partwhereby movement of the said end surface of said one land over saidnotch provides for a restricted flow past said valve, and movement ofthe said end surface of said one land past the end surface of saidcylindrical part provides for a greatly increased flow past said valve.

7. Structure as defined in claim 6 comprising a passage connecting saidsupply passage to exhaust, and an adjustable metering valve in said lastrecited passage to provide for a constant but restricted flow of fluidfrom said sup ply passage to exhaust when said valve is in position'toconnect said inlet and supply passages.

8. In a governor of the character described, a casting having a largechamber open at one side thereof including an inner conical portion; abore extending from the inner end of said conical portion and open atthe other side of said casting; a power cylinder formed in said castinghaving a closed end at the said one side thereof and open at the saidother side thereof; a straight fluid inlet passage extending along theside of said conical portion of said chamber, intersecting a side ofsaid bore, and aligned with the open end of said bore; a straight fluidsupply passage connecting said bore and one end of said cylinder andaligned with the open end of said cylinder; a straight drain passageconnecting the closed end of said cylinder and said chamber and alignedwith the open side of said chamber; and another straight passageconnecting said supply passage and said chamber and aligned with theopen side of said chamber.

9. A governor comprising a unitary casting having a chamber extendingupwardly from its bottom surface, said chamber having a lowercylindrical portion and an upper inwardly tapered conical portion, abore extending from the upper end of said chamber to the upper surfaceof said casting, said casting having a vertical power cylinder formedtherein parallel to and spaced laterally from said chamber, saidcylinder being closed at its bottom and open at its top, a removable topclosure for said cylinder, a power piston in said cylinder having'apiston rod extending through said closure, centrifugalvmeans centrifugalmeans; a removable closure for the upper end of' said bore, resilientmeans below said'closure and efiective to oppose vertical movement ofsaid valve means in response to increase intspeed of said centrifugalmeans, atfluid'passage leading from the lower surface of said casting tosaid valve means" andfrom said valve means to the upper end of saidcylinder, a drain passage leading 7,

- from the lower end of said cylinder. to said chamber, and

a bypass passage connecting said chamber to the portion of said firstpassage intermediate said valve means and said cylinder. 7

,10; Structure of the character described comprising a casting ha'vinganenlarged chamber 'openat one'side thereof, a bore'extending from saidchamber to the other V oted to the outer end of said rod, saidstructure'including a rigidabutment extending beyond said head, saidlever 'beingmovable intd'engagement with said abutment by movement ofsaid rod or by rocking movement on said rod, or by a combination ofboth, an operator control 7 connected to said lever, a governing linkalso connecfed to saidlever for connection with a speed control element,centrifugal governing means; in said chamber, a valve in said bore,operably connected'to said means, and a fluid pass-age in saidbodycontroll'edby said valve for carrying fluid underpressnre to;saidcylinder."

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